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READING PASSAGE 1
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions
[Paragraph 1] The forces that operate to bring about change in organisations can be thought of as winds which are many and varied - from small summer breezes that merely disturb a few papers, to mighty howling gales which cause devastation to structures and operations, causing consequent reorientation of purpose and rebuilding. Sometimes, however, the winds die down to give periods of relative calm, periods of relative organisational stability. Such a period was the agricultural age, which Goodman [1995] maintains prevailed in Europe and westem societies as a whole until the early 1700s. During this period, wealth was created in the context of an agriculturally based society influenced mainly by local markets [both customer and labour] and factors outside people's control,such as the weather. During this time, people could fairly well predict the cycle of activities required to maintain life, even if that life might be at little more than SUBSISTENCE level.
[Paragraph 2] To maintain the meteorological metaphor, stronger winds of change blew to bring in the Industrial Revolution and the industrial age. Again, according to Goodman, this lasted for a long time, until around 1945. It was characterised by a series of inventions and innovations that red FUOber of people needed to work the land and, in tum, provided the means of production of
