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annyons, immate immanity, and
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8 Systems biology not only has the potential to accelerate the discovery of new regulators of innate immunity but also will provide more comprehensive insights into the kinetics of regulation at the transcriptional, protein-protein interaction, and post-transcriptional levels. All this information will be of high impact on vaccine development, providing molecular prediction markers of the immunogenicity of a vaccine, uncovering new correlates of vaccine efficacy, as well as guiding the design of new vaccine antigens or formulations. Moreover, such system-level approaches could permit the identification of vaccine responders versus non-responders, allowing a better immunological coverage of the licensed vaccines.
1) Why are inactivated vaccines sometimes dangerous to humans?
A. It can have serious side effects in patients.
B. Multiple dosages are required to strengthen the immunological response.
C. Patients may experience low-level adverse effects.
D. People will be entirely protected following a single vaccination.
2) In which paragraph does the author claim that immunological responses will allow the efficacy of experimental vaccines in the broader population to be evaluated?
. Paragraph 4.AB. Paragraph 5.
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C. Paragraph 3.
D. Paragraph 7.
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3) Which factors must be added to safer vaccines to increase their efficacy?
A. potent recombinant vaccines
B. PRRs biology C. a sufficient activation
D. an adjuvant as 'danger' signal
4) According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. To optimize the potential biological dangers associated with traditional inactivated or killed vaccines, the development of safer but less potent recombinant vaccines is spurring required research to improve their immunogenic and protective activities.
B. Most non-living vaccines need a "danger" signal in the form of an adjuvant to get the innate immune system and, later, the adaptive immune system to react strongly enough.
. None of the successful vaccines have been made by trial and error.C
D. Systems biology is unrelated to the discovery and new understanding of complex networking mechanisms.
5) In the context of the passage, the author's use of the word "cross-talk" in Paragraph 1 expresses the idea that
A. They are irritated with one another and cannot communicate.B. They are exceedingly harmful, necessitating communication amongst scientists.
C. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems will collaborate.
