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messy. Rarely does meaningful change happen by relying exclusively on peaceful and lawful means. Petitions, marches, litigation, and chanting are only part of the protest repertoire. Achieving systemic change invariably requires creating disorder: social movements gain leverage when they disrupt business-as-usual for the institution they are targeting-by stopping traffic, blocking commerce, surrounding buildings or interfering with administrative activities.
Generations of activists, as well as the scholars who study social movements, have been challenged by the need to deploy effective strategies when nonviolent disruption reaches an impasse without generating concessionary responses; or when it provokes violent responses by the police or by counterdemonstrators aimed at defeating the demands for institutional change.
(Adapted from
https://www.scientificamerican.com)
1) What was the purpose of the "Unite the Right" rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 2017?
A. To honour Confederate Generals
B. To protest statue removal
C. To promote white supremacy
D. To show support for the Charleston City Council
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2) According to the text, how is social progress typically achieved?
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A. Through top-down initiatives by institutional authorities
B. Through the attempts of political elites
C. Through the efforts of ordinary people pushing for changes
D. Through peaceful and lawful means such as petitions and litigation
3) Why are social movements often messy and disruptive, according to the text?
A. Meaningful change requires creating disorder and disrupting normal activities.
B. Activists prefer nonviolent and legally acceptable means of protest to bring changes.
C. They aim to maintain the status quo rather than effect change.
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