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[15] Indeed, one study shows watching a video featuring the 2008 Olympic Opening Ceremonies increased nationalism among Chinese participants. But that video failed to raise support for
taking a warlike stance in China's territorial dispute with Japan over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Olympic achievement primed nationalism - but not all nationalist sentiments drive support for
conflict escalation.
[16] Collectively, this research suggests that whether the Olympics trigger nationalist aggression depends on the values, norms or ideas people consider when they praise their country's
athletic performance. People can celebrate national achievements without demanding conflict.
We know less about whether nationalism promotes cooperation
[17] Even if some Olympic-inspired nationalism discourages simmering tensions from boiling over, reducing conflict and promoting diplomatic cooperation are other matters entirely.
Nationalists can oppose war without submitting to international organizations like the U.N., for example.
[18] Political science scholarship includes some promising hints about the connection between nationalism and conflict resolution. Affirming their own national identity increased the trust
between citizens from South Korea, Japan and China - helping to overcome historical rivalries. Study-abroad student trips increased Americans' national pride - including pride in U.S.
sporting achievements - but reduced their foreign threat perceptions.
[19] Moreover, some nationalists may seek superiority via moral authority, like the Norwegian policymakers who enact their identity as a peace-loving nation to advance gender equality and
help resolve global conflicts.
[20] Still, research on nationalism and foreign policy tends to prioritize questions about war and conflict. So while we shouldn't leap to conclusions about how the Olympics fuel international
antagonism, we also shouldn't assume they will help reduce it. There is still much to learn about whether or when nationalism paves the way for peace.
1) What did a study involving Chinese participants and a video of the 2008 Olympic Opening Ceremonies reveal?
A. The video decreased nationalism and support for conflict escalation.
B. The video increased nationalism but did not increase support for conflict escalation.
C. The video had no impact on nationalism or support for conflict escalation.
D. The video increased nationalism and support for conflict escalation.
2) How does the text suggest nationalism can be weakened as a driver for conflict escalation?
A. By advocating for military dominance
B. By fostering a unified family concept
C. By promoting Olympic achievements
D. By encouraging fairness and reciprocity
3) What evidence does the text provide regarding the relationship between nationalism and conflict?
A. Nationalism has no influence on conflict risks.
B. Nationalism depends on conflict for its expression.
C. Celebrating national achievements can increase conflict.
D. Nationalism always leads to violent conflicts.
.FUO
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